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Design a Real-Time Collaborative Whiteboard System

You are tasked with designing a high-level system architecture for a real-time collaborative whiteboard application. **Core Requirements:** 1. **Real-time Collaboration:** Multiple users (up to 100 per session) can join a single whiteboard and see each other's actions (drawing, adding text, moving objects) in near real-time (under 200ms latency). 2. **Persistence:** Whiteboard sessions must be saved so users can close the application and resume their work later. 3. **Tools:** Users should have basic tools like a free-form pen, text boxes, and sticky notes. **Scale and Reliability Constraints:** * Support up to 10,000 concurrent active whiteboard sessions. * Support up to 1,000,000 total users. * The service must be highly available, with 99.9% uptime. **Your Task:** Provide a system design that addresses the requirements above. Your response should cover: 1. **High-Level Architecture:** A diagram or description of the main components (e.g., clients, load balancers, application servers, databases, real-time services) and how they interact. 2. **Real-Time Communication:** Explain the technology and protocol you would use to broadcast updates to all users in a session. 3. **Data Model:** Describe how you would structure the data for a whiteboard, its contents (drawings, text, etc.), and user sessions. 4. **Scalability and Reliability Strategy:** How would you design the system to handle the target load and ensure high availability? 5. **Trade-offs:** Discuss one major trade-off you made in your design (e.g., consistency vs. latency, choice of database, etc.).