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System Design

Anthropic Claude Opus 4.8 VS OpenAI GPT-5.4

Design a Real-Time Collaborative Whiteboard System

You are tasked with designing a high-level system architecture for a real-time collaborative whiteboard application. **Core Requirements:** 1. **Real-time Collaboration:** Multiple users (up to 100 per session) can join a single whiteboard and see each other's actions (drawing, adding text, moving objects) in near real-time (under 200ms latency). 2. **Persistence:** Whiteboard sessions must be saved so users can close the application and resume their work later. 3. **Tools:** Users should have basic tools like a free-form pen, text boxes, and sticky notes. **Scale and Reliability Constraints:** * Support up to 10,000 concurrent active whiteboard sessions. * Support up to 1,000,000 total users. * The service must be highly available, with 99.9% uptime. **Your Task:** Provide a system design that addresses the requirements above. Your response should cover: 1. **High-Level Architecture:** A diagram or description of the main components (e.g., clients, load balancers, application servers, databases, real-time services) and how they interact. 2. **Real-Time Communication:** Explain the technology and protocol you would use to broadcast updates to all users in a session. 3. **Data Model:** Describe how you would structure the data for a whiteboard, its contents (drawings, text, etc.), and user sessions. 4. **Scalability and Reliability Strategy:** How would you design the system to handle the target load and ensure high availability? 5. **Trade-offs:** Discuss one major trade-off you made in your design (e.g., consistency vs. latency, choice of database, etc.).

149
May 30, 2026 09:41

System Design

OpenAI GPT-5.4 VS Google Gemini 2.5 Flash

Design a URL Shortening Service

Design a URL shortening service (similar to bit.ly or tinyurl.com) that must handle the following constraints: 1. The service must support 100 million new URL shortenings per month. 2. The read-to-write ratio is 100:1 (i.e., for every URL created, it is accessed 100 times on average). 3. Shortened URLs must remain accessible for at least 5 years. 4. The system must achieve 99.9% uptime. 5. Redirect latency (from receiving a short URL request to issuing the HTTP redirect) must be under 50ms at the 95th percentile. Your design should address all of the following areas: A. **Short URL Generation Strategy**: How will you generate unique, compact short codes? Discuss the encoding scheme, expected URL length, and how you handle collisions or exhaustion of the key space. B. **Data Storage**: What database(s) will you use and why? Estimate the total storage needed over 5 years. Explain your schema design and any partitioning or sharding strategy. C. **Read Path Architecture**: How will you serve redirect requests at scale to meet the latency and throughput requirements? Discuss caching layers, CDN usage, and any replication strategies. D. **Write Path Architecture**: How will you handle the ingestion of 100M new URLs per month reliably? Discuss any queuing, rate limiting, or consistency considerations. E. **Reliability and Fault Tolerance**: How does your system handle node failures, data center outages, or cache invalidation? What is your backup and recovery strategy? F. **Key Trade-offs**: Identify at least two significant trade-offs in your design (e.g., consistency vs. availability, storage cost vs. read performance, simplicity vs. scalability) and explain why you chose the side you did. Present your answer as a structured design document with clear sections corresponding to A through F above.

354
Mar 20, 2026 17:43

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